Texture Description in Marketing: "Juicy," "Creamy," "Crisp"

作者： 翠盖调味研发团队 出版： 广东独特风味有限公司 最后更新： 七月 29，2026 WhatsApp 与 Telegram: +86 189 2926 7983 电子邮箱：info@cuiguai.com When a consumer reads the words "juicy," "creamy," or "crisp" on an e-liquid label, something immediate and involuntary happens in their brain — a cascade of multisensory anticipation that begins before the first puff is even taken. These three texture descriptors are among the most powerful words in the flavor marketing lexicon, and their commercial impact extends far beyond surface-level copywriting. They operate at the intersection of sensory neuroscience, consumer psychology, and flavor chemistry — encoding specific formulation promises that, when honored by the actual product experience, drive satisfaction, repeat purchase, and genuine brand loyalty. This authoritative guide decodes the science behind "juicy," "creamy," and "crisp" as marketing descriptors for e-liquid products — exploring what these words trigger in the consumer's sensory imagination, what flavor chemistry is required to deliver on each promise, and how e-liquid brands can deploy texture language strategically to differentiate their products in an increasingly competitive market.

为何质感语言在电子烟液市场中占据主导地位

描述气溶胶体验的矛盾之谜

电子液体市场面临一项根本的沟通悖论：其产品带来的蒸汽体验无形、短暂且完全主观——然而，必须用文字描述，激发消费者在未曾接触过该产品时的感官期待。不同于食品中直接的物理质感（如饼干的酥脆、酸奶的浓郁），电子液体的质感仅存在于气溶胶阶段，并通过口腔、咽喉及嗅觉上皮的复杂受体相互作用加以传达。 Texture descriptors — particularly "juicy," "creamy," and "crisp" — solve this communication problem by leveraging what sensory scientists call "crossmodal correspondence": the well-documented tendency of the human brain to associate specific sensory qualities across different modalities. When a consumer reads "juicy strawberry," their gustatory cortex, somatosensory cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex activate in patterns associated with the actual tactile experience of biting into a ripe fruit — even though no physical texture is involved. This anticipatory multisensory activation is what makes texture language so commercially powerful.

关于质感语言效能的学术证据

The scientific basis for texture descriptor efficacy in food and beverage marketing is well established. Research published in the Journal of Texture Studies (Wiley Online Library, 2015) found that among the most frequently cited texture words by consumers across multiple cultures, "creamy" appeared in 13.3% of responses, "crisp" in 14.6%, and "juicy" in 6.3% — placing these three descriptors consistently among the top 10 most commercially salient texture terms globally. The same research confirmed that these words carry cross-cultural semantic consistency that makes them reliable marketing tools across diverse international markets. Further foundational work published by NIH/PubMed Central (PMC6835815) on the terminology of snack food sensory perception confirmed that texture concepts including "juicy" and "crisp" emerge as near-universal perceptual categories — recognized and associated with specific sensory experiences irrespective of consumer language background. This cross-cultural reliability is particularly valuable for e-liquid brands operating across global markets, where flavor naming conventions and regulatory labeling requirements vary but sensory vocabulary remains largely consistent.

质感词汇作为购买决策的驱动因素

Market research consistently demonstrates that texture descriptors influence e-liquid purchase decisions at two critical moments: pre-purchase (label/description reading) and post-purchase satisfaction evaluation (retrospective assessment of whether the product delivered on its descriptor promise). A product labeled "creamy" that delivers a genuinely smooth, rich, enveloping aerosol experience generates higher satisfaction ratings and lower return rates than the same product sold without texture descriptors — even at higher price points. Griffith Foods' 2026 consumer research report confirmed that "creamy" textures rank among the top preferences cited by consumers seeking indulgent, premium food experiences, a finding directly transferable to premium e-liquid positioning.

2. "Juicy": The Science and Chemistry of Moisture-Rich Perception

2.1 What "Juicy" Triggers in the Consumer Brain

The word "juicy" activates a specific and remarkably consistent sensory schema in consumer perception. Academic research in food texture semantics identifies "juicy" as a multi-dimensional descriptor that simultaneously encodes:

• High moisture perception: The primary "juiciness" signal is the sensory prediction of fluid release — the expectation of a rich, wet, moisture-laden experience. In e-liquid aerosols, this maps to vapor density and the perception of mouthfeel fullness, which is primarily delivered through the PG:VG ratio (higher VG produces denser, "wetter" aerosol) and specific flavor compounds that stimulate salivation.
• Fruit ripeness and natural origin signals: "Juicy" consistently co-activates associations with ripe, fresh, unprocessed fruit. It signals naturalness and premium quality — a commercially valuable association in the current clean-label consumer environment.
• Flavor brightness and top-note impact: Consumers associate "juicy" with an intense, immediate flavor impact — a "burst" of flavor at the moment of inhalation. This brightness expectation is specifically linked to the top-note volatile compounds in fruit flavor concentrates.

2.2 The Flavor Chemistry of "Juicy" E-Liquids

Delivering on the "juicy" promise in an e-liquid concentrate requires precise formulation of the aroma and mouthfeel system:

• High-impact fruit esters: Ethyl butanoate (CAS 105-54-4) and isoamyl acetate (CAS 123-92-2) are the primary "juicy" top-note compounds in strawberry and tropical fruit profiles respectively. At concentrations of 0.05-0.3% in the finished concentrate, these volatile esters produce the bright, immediate fruit burst that consumers associate with "juicy" character. Their high vapor pressure ensures rapid release into the aerosol phase at standard device temperatures (180-220°C).
• Furaneol (DMHF): 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (CAS 3658-77-3) — the primary strawberry character compound — contributes a distinctive caramel-adjacent, cooked-fruit note that adds depth to "juicy" strawberry profiles. At 0.01-0.1%, it rounds the sharper ethyl ester notes into a more naturalistic, ripe-fruit sensory experience.
• Organic acid system: Malic acid (0.1-0.25% w/w) is the critical "juiciness" amplifier in fruit e-liquid concentrates. By providing the tartness that is neurologically linked to freshly squeezed juice, malic acid activates salivation responses that reinforce the perception of moisture and "juicy" character even in an aerosol — a phenomenon documented in sensory psychophysics research on cross-modal flavor-texture interactions.
• PG:VG ratio for mouthfeel: "Juicy" profiles benefit from a balanced 50:50 to 60:40 PG:VG ratio. Higher VG (>70%) produces a thicker, "cloudier" aerosol that reads more as "creamy" than "juicy" — the mouthfeel associations of these two descriptors are partially determined by vapor density and particle size, not merely by flavor chemistry.

The interplay between "juicy" flavor architecture and long-term consumer palatability is explored in detail in our technical article: The "All-Day Vape" (ADV) Concept: What Makes a Flavor Tireless?——提供基于证据的指导，帮助在长时间吸烟过程中持续保持多汁水果风味的吸引力，避免嗅觉疲劳。

3. "Creamy": The Science and Chemistry of Smoothness and Richness

3.1 What "Creamy" Communicates to the Consumer

"Creamy" is one of the highest-value texture descriptors in premium product marketing. Consumer research consistently associates "creamy" with four co-activating perceptual dimensions:

• Smoothness and absence of irritation: "Creamy" signals low friction, absence of harshness, and a gentle sensory progression. In e-liquid contexts, this maps directly to smooth vapor, low throat hit intensity, and a soft inhalation experience — making it the aspirational descriptor for nicotine salt pod formulations and lifestyle-positioned vaping products.
• Richness and indulgence: "Creamy" encodes caloric richness, indulgence, and luxury — sensory associations rooted in the lipid-rich mouthfeel of dairy products. In e-liquid, where no actual fat is present, these richness associations must be created entirely through flavor compound selection and the physical properties of the vapor.
• Sweetness amplification: Research in food texture science demonstrates that creamy textural cues amplify perceived sweetness intensity — the same sweetness compound is rated as sweeter when delivered in a high-viscosity or "creamy" context. For e-liquid, this means that well-formulated creamy flavor profiles can achieve satisfying sweetness at lower sweetener concentrations than equivalent non-creamy profiles.
• Premium pricing justification: "Creamy" products command measurably higher price tolerance in consumer testing. The indulgence and sophistication associations of "creamy" support a 15-25% price premium over equivalent non-textured products in blind test conditions — a commercially critical finding for e-liquid brands pursuing premium positioning.

3.2 The Flavor Chemistry of "Creamy" E-Liquids

Achieving the "creamy" sensory promise in an e-liquid concentrate requires building a multi-layered flavor architecture across three primary dimensions:

• Vanillin and ethyl vanillin: The foundational "creamy" aroma compounds. Vanillin (CAS 121-33-5) at 0.1-0.5% w/w provides the warm, sweet, universally recognized vanilla character that anchors the "creamy" sensory schema. Ethyl vanillin (CAS 121-32-4) at one-third the concentration of vanillin adds a more intense, slightly sharper cream note with better aerosol volatility at standard device temperatures.
• Butyric acid at trace concentrations: Butyric acid (CAS 107-92-6) — the primary aroma compound of dairy butter and cream — at 0.002-0.02% adds an authentic dairy dimension that distinguishes genuinely "creamy" profiles from purely sweet/vanilla ones. This is a critical differentiation tool: consumer research confirms that authentic cream-adjacent notes significantly improve "creamy" product ratings compared to vanilla-only formulas.
• 乙酰衍生物：二乙酰（2,3-丁二酮，CAS 431-03-8）历来是食品风味中主要的奶油基调载体，但鉴于生产环境中浓缩吸入的职业安全担忧，负责任的电子液制造商已大多转向其功能类似物乙酰醇（3-羟基-2-丁酮，CAS 513-86-0），在略高的用量浓度下，仍能传递相似的奶油香气，且不存在相同的职业危害。
• High-VG formulation for mouthfeel: "Creamy" profiles benefit from higher VG content (60:40 to 70:30 VG:PG). Vegetable glycerin's higher viscosity produces larger aerosol droplets that coat the oral cavity more extensively, reinforcing the smooth, enveloping mouthfeel that consumers associate with creamy texture. This is the physical-chemistry basis for why dessert and cream e-liquids are almost universally formulated at higher VG ratios.

4. "Crisp": The Science and Chemistry of Brightness and Clarity

4.1 What "Crisp" Communicates to the Consumer

"Crisp" is the most structurally distinctive of the three texture descriptors — and the most technically demanding to deliver in an e-liquid. Consumer research published by ResearchGate and ACS Publications confirms that "crisp" activates a specific sensory profile that is primarily acoustically grounded in food contexts (the sharp, high-pitched sound of biting into a crisp food product) but translates into non-acoustic product contexts as:

• Precision and clarity: "Crisp" signals clean, well-defined flavor — a profile without muddiness, blurring, or excessive sweetness. In e-liquid, "crisp" communicates that the flavor has clear, distinct notes that are immediately identifiable from the first puff.
• Freshness and airiness: "Crisp" encodes lightness, absence of heaviness, and a refreshing quality. It is the anti-"creamy" in sensory positioning — where "creamy" is rich and enveloping, "crisp" is light and clean. Consumer expectation for "crisp" vapor includes lower vapor density, higher apparent "freshness," and a clean finish that does not linger excessively.
• Seasonal and environmental associations: "Crisp" consistently activates associations with cool air, autumn mornings, and fresh outdoor environments. These environmental crossmodal correspondences make "crisp" particularly effective as a seasonal marketing descriptor and as a positioning term for cooling-forward e-liquid formulations.
• Low sweetness signals: "Crisp" implicitly communicates reduced sweetness compared to "juicy" and "creamy" — which can be a commercially valuable positioning for consumers who prefer less-sweet e-liquid formulations or for brands seeking to differentiate in market segments where sweetness overload is a commonly cited complaint.

4.2 The Flavor Chemistry of "Crisp" E-Liquids

Delivering on the "crisp" promise requires a flavor system built around precision, brightness, and clean definition:

• High-aldehyde citrus top notes: The "crispness" of citrus profiles is primarily delivered by aliphatic aldehydes — particularly octanal (CAS 124-13-0) and decanal (CAS 112-31-2), which provide the clean, sharp, "fresh-squeezed" citrus top note that is the olfactory signature of "crisp" citrus e-liquids. These compounds are present at trace concentrations (<0.05%) but are highly impactful due to their extremely low odor detection thresholds.
• Apple character compounds for "crisp" apple profiles: Trans-2-hexenal (CAS 6728-26-3) — the primary aroma compound of freshly cut green apple — provides the definitive "crisp" apple signal. Its distinctively sharp, green, slightly herbaceous character carries the structural definition that "crisp" promises. At 0.05-0.2% in the finished concentrate, trans-2-hexenal creates an immediate, precise flavor impact that communicates "crispness" without the rounded sweetness of riper apple notes.
• Minimal use of sweetener compounds: "Crisp" formulas typically minimize or eliminate ethyl maltol (CAS 4940-11-8) — the most widely used e-liquid sweetness enhancer — because the rounded, candy-like sweetness it produces is antithetical to the "crisp" sensory promise. Where sweetness is required, sucralose at sub-threshold concentrations (contributing sweetness without candy character) or minimal malic acid-driven tartness is preferred.
• Higher PG, lower VG for vapor precision: "Crisp" profiles benefit from higher PG ratios (60:40 to 70:30 PG:VG). Higher PG produces smaller, more precisely dispersed aerosol droplets that deliver a "cleaner" mouth sensation with less coating effect — consistent with the "clean," "light," "airy" sensory expectations of "crisp" products.

The premium market positioning of "crisp" flavor profiles — and their ability to command a quality price premium in competitive markets — is explored in our market analysis: Price Elasticity of Premium Flavors: Will Users Pay More for "Natural"? — which provides quantitative evidence for the pricing power of "natural" and "fresh" flavor positioning in the e-liquid category.

比较分析：巧妙运用多汁、浓郁与清脆

质感描述词定位矩阵

描述词	主要感官承诺	目标消费者	最佳PG:VG比例	最佳风味搭配
多汁	湿润明亮，鲜嫩多汁的水果爆发，水润丰富	偏水果、休闲、日间吸食者	比例为50:50至60:40	草莓、芒果、桃子、热带水果混合
奶油感	顺滑、浓郁、奢华、包裹感十足	甜点／高端、全天候、休闲型吸食者	比例为60:40至70:30	香草、卡仕达酱、芝士蛋糕、奶茶
脆感	干净、精准、清新、轻盈、低甜	健康意识强、经验丰富、品味高雅	60:40至70:30 丙二醇比例	青苹果、柑橘、薄荷、黄瓜

 

结合质感描述：复合定位策略

一些商业上最为成功的电子液产品采用双重质感描述，塑造出比单一词汇更具差异性与记忆点的感官承诺：

• "Juicy + Crisp" (e.g., "Crisp Juicy Apple"): The combination of "juicy" moisture expectation with "crisp" precision and freshness creates the classic fresh-apple sensory schema — the most familiar and universally appealing fruit texture combination. This pairing drives strong purchase intent across diverse demographic groups and positions the product as simultaneously refreshing and satisfying.
• "Creamy + Crisp" (e.g., "Crisp Cream"): An apparently paradoxical combination that, when executed well, creates an intriguing sensory contrast — smooth richness punctuated by clean, precise top notes. This positions the product as "complex" and "sophisticated," appealing strongly to experienced vapers who are bored with one-dimensional profiles.
• "Juicy + Creamy" (e.g., "Creamy Peach," "Juicy Custard Mango"): The most commercially popular dual-descriptor combination in the e-liquid category. The juicy top note provides immediate flavor impact and brightness; the creamy base provides richness and depth. This combination consistently generates the highest consumer satisfaction ratings in blind-test evaluations of dessert-fruit e-liquid profiles.

区域偏好模式与市场启示

质感描述词在全球市场的效果存在显著差异，反映出不同文化的感官偏好与风味认知历史：

• North America and Western Europe: "Creamy" and "juicy" are the highest-performing descriptors across mainstream markets. "Crisp" performs strongly in the premium and health-conscious sub-segments that have grown significantly following increased sugar tax and clean-label consumer activism.
• Asia-Pacific: "Juicy" demonstrates exceptional commercial traction across East and Southeast Asian markets, where fresh-fruit sensory experiences are deeply embedded in food culture. "Crisp" performs strongly in Japan and South Korea (consistent with the clean, precise flavor preferences documented in those food cultures). "Creamy" has the strongest performance in milk tea-adjacent flavor categories that dominate the China and Taiwan e-liquid market.
• Middle East: "Creamy" texture descriptors, particularly in combination with exotic fruit or floral profiles, perform well in Gulf Cooperation Council markets where indulgent, rich sensory experiences are positively associated with hospitality culture.

将质感描述转化为配方说明

如何撰写以质感为核心的风味简报

在电子液体品牌与风味供应商合作中，将质感营销语言转化为精准配方说明，是产品开发中关键而常被忽视的一环。以下框架帮助品牌以足够的细节向风味供应商传达质感预期，从而确保首样成功。

• State the primary texture descriptor and its sensory priority: "The primary sensory promise is JUICY. The product must deliver an immediate, bright fruit burst at first puff, perceived as wet and moisture-rich, with high top-note impact and a malic acid tart finish."
• Specify the mouthfeel dimension: "Aerosol density should be moderate — not thin (too airy for the juicy promise) and not thick (too VG-heavy, which reads as creamy rather than juicy). Target PG:VG 55:45."
• Define the finish and persistence: "Juicy profiles should have a clean, refreshing finish that does not linger excessively. Sweetener usage should be moderate — ethyl maltol below 0.3%, no excessive candy character."
• 参考风味与竞争背景：设定一个目标感官基准——例如新鲜榨取的草莓柠檬水。竞争者以[产品名称/描述]为参照。我们的产品应在瞬间顶端香气亮度上提升20%，甜度降低30%。

品质控制：验证质感描述的实现

确保成品电子液体浓缩液能可靠传达预期质感，需建立系统的感官评估流程：

• Blind panel evaluation with descriptor anchoring: Test panels evaluate the finished product against a standardized "juicy/creamy/crisp" descriptor scale, rating intensity of each texture quality from 1-10. Target ranges should be defined in the product specification: e.g., Juicy: 7-9/10; Creamy: 2-4/10; Crisp: 3-5/10 for a "juicy fruit" target profile.
• 跨设备验证：质感感知在胶囊系统（低温、小雾化）与亚欧姆设备（高温、更浓密的蒸汽）之间差异显著。应在目标市场所规定的设备范围内验证质感描述的传递效果。
• Stability panel at 3 and 6 months: Texture perception can shift significantly with shelf aging as volatile ester top-note compounds degrade. A product that delivers "juicy" freshness at manufacture may read as "creamy" or "flat" at 6 months if ester stability is insufficient.

常见问答：电子液市场中的质感描述

Q1: What makes an e-liquid taste "juicy" without adding actual fruit juice?

"Juiciness" in e-liquid is entirely created by flavor chemistry, not by physical liquid content. The primary tools are: high-impact fruit ester compounds (ethyl butanoate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate) that create bright, fresh top-note volatility; malic acid at 0.1-0.25% to stimulate salivation and add tart freshness; and a PG-balanced carrier system (50:50 to 60:40 PG:VG) that delivers appropriately sized aerosol droplets. The brain interprets these chemical and physical signals as "juice" through the well-documented crossmodal correspondence between tart flavor compounds, salivation responses, and the memory of fresh fruit consumption.

Q2: How do I formulate a "creamy" e-liquid without using diacetyl?

Diacetyl-free "creamy" e-liquid formulation uses a combination of: (1) Acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone) at 0.02-0.08% as the primary butter/cream character compound — it delivers a comparable creamy note to diacetyl at slightly higher concentrations without the same occupational inhalation concern profile. (2) Vanillin and ethyl vanillin as the sweetness-richness anchor system. (3) Trace butyric acid (0.002-0.015%) for dairy authenticity. (4) High VG ratio (60:40 to 70:30 VG:PG) for physical mouthfeel richness. (5) Lactone compounds (gamma-butyrolactone, delta-valerolactone) at trace concentrations for peach/coconut cream dimension. This multi-compound approach achieves robust "creamy" sensory delivery without reliance on diacetyl or its direct precursors.

Q3: Why does "crisp" e-liquid have less throat hit than "juicy" or "creamy" profiles?

"Crisp" e-liquids typically produce less throat hit for three interconnected reasons. First, "crisp" formulas minimize organic acid content to maintain clean, precise flavor definition — but organic acids at higher concentrations can contribute direct TRPA1 receptor throat stimulation. Second, "crisp" profiles use higher PG ratios (which produce smaller, more precisely dispersed aerosol droplets) that deposit less efficiently in the upper pharynx compared to larger VG-dominant droplets. Third, the aldehydic citrus and apple compounds central to "crisp" formulas are TRPV1-neutral at usage concentrations — unlike some warming spice or high-acid compounds that contribute secondary throat stimulation. The net result is a clean, light throat experience that is intrinsically consistent with the "crisp" sensory promise.

Q4: Can texture descriptors like "juicy" or "creamy" be used on e-liquid labels in regulated markets?

Texture descriptors like "juicy," "creamy," and "crisp" are generally permissible in e-liquid marketing across major regulated markets (US, EU, UK) because they describe sensory experience rather than health claims or prohibited flavor categories. However, specific regulatory contexts vary: in markets where e-liquid flavor names are restricted (e.g., bans on youth-appealing flavor descriptors under specific regulatory frameworks), brands should review whether "juicy" or "creamy" descriptors in combination with specific fruit names might trigger regulatory attention. Texture-only descriptors without specific flavor name pairings (e.g., "Smooth Creamy" without "Custard" or "Vanilla") typically carry lower regulatory risk. Always consult the applicable regulatory framework in your target market before finalizing product naming.

问五：翠怪为质感型电子液浓缩物提供哪些定制选项？

Guangdong Unique Flavor Co., Ltd. (CUIGUAI) offers comprehensive texture-profile concentrate development for e-liquid brands. Standard catalog products include dedicated "juicy," "creamy," and "crisp" accent systems designed to be blended with base fruit or flavor concentrates to modulate the texture sensory profile without altering the primary flavor character. Custom texture-profile development — where our R&D team engineers a complete concentrate to hit a specific texture descriptor brief — is available from 5 KG minimum order quantities. All texture-profile concentrates are supplied with sensory specification sheets documenting the expected descriptor scores across standardized evaluation protocols, enabling brands to set precise product quality standards before production scale-up.

结语：质感语言作为配方科学与品牌策略的融合

"Juicy," "creamy," and "crisp" are not merely adjectives — they are sensory contracts between e-liquid brands and their consumers. When a brand deploys one of these descriptors, it makes a specific, verifiable promise about the sensory experience its product will deliver: a promise that activates pre-purchase anticipatory neural responses, shapes post-purchase satisfaction evaluation, and — when honored with genuine formulation precision — builds the repeated positive reinforcement loop that is the foundation of brand loyalty. Mastering texture language in e-liquid marketing therefore requires two simultaneous competencies: the marketing intelligence to select and deploy texture descriptors strategically for specific consumer segments and market contexts, and the flavor chemistry expertise to engineer concentrates that reliably deliver on each descriptor's sensory promise across product life cycles and device platforms. At Guangdong Unique Flavor Co., Ltd. (CUIGUAI), our e-liquid flavor R&D team combines deep expertise in fruit and dessert flavor chemistry with systematic sensory evaluation capabilities to deliver concentrates that honor their texture descriptor commitments. Whether your brand needs a brilliantly "juicy" strawberry base, a luxuriously "creamy" custard system, or a precisely "crisp" apple-citrus platform, our formulation expertise and GMP-compliant manufacturing deliver the sensory outcomes that your consumers are waiting for. CUIGUAI's Sweet Flavor Concentrate provides the precision sweetness system that underpins both "juicy" and "creamy" texture profiles — delivering authentic fruit sweetness and dessert richness without the excessive candy character that undermines clean "crisp" positioning. For brands developing "crisp" and "juicy" profiles that require the bright acidity central to authentic freshness perception, our Acidic Flavor Concentrate提供专业校准的苹果酸/柠檬酸系统，专为水果电子液体应用设计，实现多种基础配方中的pH值和酸度的精确控制。 申请技术咨询与免费风味样品 Are you developing e-liquid products with specific texture descriptor targets — "juicy," "creamy," or "crisp" — and need an expert flavor manufacturing partner who can deliver on the sensory promise? CUIGUAI offers:

• 免费提供多汁、奶油、脆爽等质感系统的风味浓缩样品，面向合格的电子液体制造商。
• 定制质感型电子液体浓缩液配方——从感官简报到验证完成的浓缩液。
• 完整技术资料：感官规格表、气相色谱-质谱分析、FEMA GRAS 合规证明及稳定性数据。
• 起订量灵活，最少5公斤。月产能力达200吨。

公司： 广东优味香料有限公司（翠贵爱香料） 电话： +86 0769 88380789 WhatsApp与Telegram： +86 189 2926 7983 电子邮件： info@cuiguai.com 官方网站： https://www.cuiguai.com 地址： 广东省东莞市道滘镇滨涌南阁东一街16号C栋701室 参考文献

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