In developed markets, over 40 % of adult vapers reportedly prefer "natural" e-liquids, indicating a premium flavour opportunity. For Europe in particular, flavour houses can leverage this by offering higher-grade aroma materials, clean-label claims, artisanal-style flavour concentrates. China market may be slower to shift, but export orientation means the same flavour house may use the “natural” proposition for European lines while maintaining cost-optimised lines for domestic China and export ODM markets.